Table partitioning, bucketing and sort ordering and indexes

Table partitioning

To create a partitioned table, you should provide the following two components to construct a valid partitioned table.

• Partitioning strategy. It defines how Gravitino distributes table data across partitions. Currently, Gravitino supports the following partitioning strategies.

note

The score, createTime, and city appearing in the table below refer to the field names in a table.

Partitioning strategy	Description	JSON example	Java example	Equivalent SQL semantics
identity	Source value, unmodified.	{"strategy":"identity","fieldName":["score"]}	Transforms.identity("score")	PARTITION BY score
hour	Extract a timestamp hour, as hours from '1970-01-01 00:00:00'.	{"strategy":"hour","fieldName":["createTime"]}	Transforms.hour("createTime")	PARTITION BY hour(createTime)
day	Extract a date or timestamp day, as days from '1970-01-01'.	{"strategy":"day","fieldName":["createTime"]}	Transforms.day("createTime")	PARTITION BY day(createTime)
month	Extract a date or timestamp month, as months from '1970-01-01'	{"strategy":"month","fieldName":["createTime"]}	Transforms.month("createTime")	PARTITION BY month(createTime)
year	Extract a date or timestamp year, as years from 1970.	{"strategy":"year","fieldName":["createTime"]}	Transforms.year("createTime")	PARTITION BY year(createTime)
bucket[N]	Hash of value, mod N.	{"strategy":"bucket","numBuckets":10,"fieldNames":[["score"]]}	Transforms.bucket(10, "score")	PARTITION BY bucket(10, score)
truncate[W]	Value truncated to width W.	{"strategy":"truncate","width":20,"fieldName":["score"]}	Transforms.truncate(20, "score")	PARTITION BY truncate(20, score)
list	Partition the table by a list value.	{"strategy":"list","fieldNames":[["createTime"],["city"]]}	Transforms.list(new String[] {"createTime", "city"})	PARTITION BY list(createTime, city)
range	Partition the table by a range value.	{"strategy":"range","fieldName":["createTime"]}	Transforms.range("createTime")	PARTITION BY range(createTime)
function	Partition the table by function expression.	{"strategy":"function","funcName":"toYYYYMM","funcArgs":[{"type":"field","fieldName":["VisitDate"]}]}	Transforms.apply("toYYYYMM", new Expression[]{NamedReference.field("VisitDate")})	PARTITION BY toYYYYMM(VisitDate)

note

For function partitioning, you should provide the function name and the function arguments. The function arguments must be an expression.

• Field names: It defines which fields Gravitino uses to partition the table.

• In some cases, you require other information. For example, if the partitioning strategy is bucket, you should provide the number of buckets; if the partitioning strategy is truncate, you should provide the width of the truncate.

Once a partitioned table is created, you can manage its partitions using Gravitino.

Table bucketing

To create a bucketed table, you should use the following three components to construct a valid bucketed table.

• Strategy. It defines how Gravitino distributes table data across partitions.

Bucket strategy	Description	JSON	Java
hash	Bucket table using hash. Gravitino distributes table data into buckets based on the hash value of the key.	hash	Strategy.HASH
range	Bucket table using range. Gravitino distributes table data into buckets based on a specified range or interval of values.	range	Strategy.RANGE
even	Bucket table using even. Gravitino distributes table data, ensuring an equal distribution of data.	even	Strategy.EVEN

• number. It defines how many buckets you use to bucket the table.
• funcArgs. It defines the arguments of the strategy, the argument must be an expression.

Json

{
  "strategy": "hash",
  "number": 4,
  "funcArgs": [
    {
      "type": "field",
      "fieldName": ["score"]
    }
  ]
}

Java

Distributions.of(Strategy.HASH, 4, NamedReference.field("score"));

Sort ordering

To define a sorted order table, you should use the following three components to construct a valid sorted order table.

• Direction. It defines in which direction Gravitino sorts the table. The default value is ascending.

Direction	Description	JSON	Java
ascending	Sorted by a field or a function ascending.	asc	SortDirection.ASCENDING
descending	Sorted by a field or a function descending.	desc	SortDirection.DESCENDING

• Null ordering. It describes how to handle null values when ordering

Null ordering Type	Description	JSON	Java
null_first	Puts the null value in the first place.	nulls_first	NullOrdering.NULLS_FIRST
null_last	Puts the null value in the last place.	nulls_last	NullOrdering.NULLS_LAST

Note: If the direction value is ascending, the default ordering value is nulls_first and if the direction value is descending, the default ordering value is nulls_last.

• sortTerm. It shows which field or function Gravitino uses to sort the table, must be an expression.

Json

 {
  "direction": "asc",
  "nullOrder": "NULLS_LAST",
  "sortTerm":  {
    "type": "field",
    "fieldName": ["score"]
  }
}

Java

SortOrders.of(NamedReference.field("score"), SortDirection.ASCENDING, NullOrdering.NULLS_LAST);

tip

Not all catalogs may support those features. Please refer to the related document for more details.

The following is an example of creating a partitioned, bucketed table, and sorted order table:

Shell

curl -X POST -H "Accept: application/vnd.gravitino.v1+json" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{
  "name": "table",
  "columns": [
    {
      "name": "id",
      "type": "integer",
      "nullable": true,
      "comment": "Id of the user"
    },
    {
      "name": "name",
      "type": "varchar(2000)",
      "nullable": true,
      "comment": "Name of the user"
    },
    {
      "name": "age",
      "type": "short",
      "nullable": true,
      "comment": "Age of the user"
    },
    {
      "name": "score",
      "type": "double",
      "nullable": true,
      "comment": "Score of the user"
    }
  ],
  "comment": "Create a new Table",
  "properties": {
    "format": "ORC"
  },
  "partitioning": [
    {
      "strategy": "identity",
      "fieldName": ["score"]
    }
  ],
  "distribution": {
    "strategy": "hash",
    "number": 4,
    "funcArgs": [
      {
        "type": "field",
        "fieldName": ["score"]
      }
    ]
  },
  "sortOrders": [
    {
      "direction": "asc",
      "nullOrder": "NULLS_LAST",
      "sortTerm":  {
        "type": "field",
        "fieldName": ["name"]
      }
    }
  ]
}' http://localhost:8090/api/metalakes/metalake/catalogs/catalog/schemas/schema/tables

Java

tableCatalog.createTable(
    NameIdentifier.of("metalake", "hive_catalog", "schema", "table"),
    new Column[] {
      Column.of("id", Types.IntegerType.get(), "Id of the user", true, false, null),
      Column.of("name", Types.VarCharType.of(2000), "Name of the user", true, false, null),
      Column.of("age", Types.ShortType.get(), "Age of the user", true, false, null),
      Column.of("score", Types.DoubleType.get(), "Score of the user", false, false, null)
    },
    "Create a new Table",
    tablePropertiesMap,
    new Transform[] {
    // Partition by id
      Transforms.identity("score")
    },
    // CLUSTERED BY id
    Distributions.of(Strategy.HASH, 4, NamedReference.field("id")),
    // SORTED BY name asc
    new SortOrder[] {
      SortOrders.of(
        NamedReference.field("age"), SortDirection.ASCENDING, NullOrdering.NULLS_LAST),
    });

Indexes

To define an indexed table, you should utilize the following three components to construct a valid indexed table.

• IndexType. Represents the type of index, such as primary key or unique key.

IndexType	Description	JSON	Java
PRIMARY_KEY	The PRIMARY KEY is a column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each row in a table. It enforces uniqueness and ensures that no two rows have the same values in the specified columns. Additionally, the PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically creates a unique index on the specified columns.	PRIMARY_KEY	IndexType.PRIMARY_KEY
UNIQUE_KEY	The UNIQUE KEY constraint ensures that all values in a specified column or set of columns are unique across the entire table. Unlike the PRIMARY KEY constraint, a table can have multiple UNIQUE KEY constraints, allowing for unique values in multiple columns or sets of columns.	UNIQUE_KEY	IndexType.UNIQUE_KEY

• Name. It defines the name of the index.

• FieldNames. It defines which table fields Gravitino uses to index the table.

Json

 {
  "indexType": "PRIMARY_KEY",
  "name": "PRIMARY",
  "fieldNames": [["col_1"],["col_2"]]
}

Java

Indexes.of(IndexType.PRIMARY_KEY, "PRIMARY", new String[][]{{"col_1"}, {"col_2"}});

The following is an example of creating a index table:

Shell

curl -X POST -H "Accept: application/vnd.gravitino.v1+json" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{
  "name": "table",
  "columns": [
    {
      "name": "id",
      "type": "integer",
      "nullable": true,
      "comment": "Id of the user"
    },
    {
      "name": "name",
      "type": "varchar(2000)",
      "nullable": true,
      "comment": "Name of the user"
    },
    {
      "name": "age",
      "type": "short",
      "nullable": true,
      "comment": "Age of the user"
    },
    {
      "name": "score",
      "type": "double",
      "nullable": true,
      "comment": "Score of the user"
    }
  ],
  "comment": "Create a new Table",
  "indexes": [
    {
      "indexType": "PRIMARY_KEY",
      "name": "PRIMARY",
      "fieldNames": [["id"]]
    },
    {
      "indexType": "UNIQUE_KEY",
      "name": "name_age_score_uk",
      "fieldNames": [["name"],["age"],["score]]
    }
  ]
}' http://localhost:8090/api/metalakes/metalake/catalogs/catalog/schemas/schema/tables

Java

tableCatalog.createTable(
    NameIdentifier.of("metalake", "hive_catalog", "schema", "table"),
    new Column[] {
      Column.of("id", Types.IntegerType.get(), "Id of the user", false, true, null),
      Column.of("name", Types.VarCharType.of(1000), "Name of the user", true, false, null),
      Column.of("age", Types.ShortType.get(), "Age of the user", true, false, null),
      Column.of("score", Types.DoubleType.get(), "Score of the user", true, false, null)
    },
    "Create a new Table",
    tablePropertiesMap,
    Transforms.EMPTY_TRANSFORM,
    Distributions.NONE,
    new SortOrder[0],
    new Index[] {
      Indexes.of(IndexType.PRIMARY_KEY, "PRIMARY", new String[][]{{"id"}}),
      Indexes.of(IndexType.UNIQUE_KEY, "name_age_score_uk", new String[][]{{"name"}, {"age"}, {"score"}})
    });